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Modern Rifle Caliber Comparison: 7.62x39, 7.62 NATO, 5.56 NATO & 5.45x39 Modern rifle calibers are often compared by recoil, range, ammunition availability, firearm platform, and intended use. The image highlights four well-known rifle cartridges: 7.62x39mm, 7.62x51mm NATO, 5.56x45mm NATO, and 5.45x39mm. Each cartridge has a different history, purpose, and performance profile. For civilian shooters, hunters, collectors, and tactical rifle buyers, the best caliber depends on the firearm platf …